Jaundice is a common condition among newborns. In fact, about 60% of full-term babies and 80% of premature babies develop some form of jaundice in the first week of life. Although it can be alarming for new parents, jaundice is usually treatable and temporary. Understanding why jaundice happens and how to manage it can help reduce anxiety and ensure the health of your baby.
In this blog post, we will explore the causes of jaundice in newborns, the different types of jaundice, and how it can be treated effectively.
What Is Jaundice?
Jaundice is a condition where a baby’s skin and the whites of their eyes turn yellow. This yellowing occurs due to the buildup of a substance called bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced when the liver breaks down old red blood cells. Normally, the liver processes bilirubin, and the body excretes it through stool. However, in newborns, their liver may not be mature enough to handle bilirubin efficiently, leading to its accumulation.
Why Does Jaundice Happen in Newborns?
Newborn jaundice is most often caused by an immature liver, but there are other factors involved. Let’s dive into the main reasons why jaundice occurs in newborns.
1. Immature Liver Function
A newborn’s liver is still developing and may not be able to process bilirubin as efficiently as an adult’s liver. The liver’s ability to filter out bilirubin improves over time, usually within the first two weeks of life. Until then, the excess bilirubin remains in the bloodstream, causing jaundice.
2. Increased Red Blood Cell Breakdown
Newborns have more red blood cells than adults, and these cells naturally break down after a few days. When the red blood cells break down, they release bilirubin. In a newborn, this process happens more rapidly, contributing to higher bilirubin levels in the blood.
3. Breastfeeding Jaundice
Breastfeeding jaundice occurs when a baby does not get enough breast milk in the first few days after birth. Inadequate milk intake leads to dehydration and a slower elimination of bilirubin through stool. This can cause a buildup of bilirubin in the baby’s system, resulting in jaundice.
4. Blood Type Incompatibility
In some cases, jaundice occurs due to blood type incompatibility between the baby and the mother. If a baby inherits a blood type that is different from the mother’s (for example, the mother is Rh-negative and the baby is Rh-positive), the mother’s body may produce antibodies that attack the baby’s red blood cells. This leads to increased breakdown of red blood cells and elevated bilirubin levels.
5. Premature Birth
Premature babies are more likely to develop jaundice because their livers are even less mature than those of full-term babies. Premature infants often experience more significant jaundice because their bodies are not fully prepared to process and eliminate bilirubin.
6. Genetic Factors and Inherited Conditions
In some cases, jaundice may be caused by genetic conditions or metabolic disorders that affect how the body processes bilirubin. Conditions like G6PD deficiency or Crigler-Najjar syndrome can result in prolonged or severe jaundice in newborns.
Preventing Jaundice in Newborns
While it may not be possible to prevent jaundice entirely, there are steps you can take to reduce the risk:
Breastfeed frequently: Ensure that your baby feeds at least 8 to 12 times a day to help with hydration and bilirubin elimination.
Monitor your baby’s feeding: Make sure your baby is latching properly and is feeding effectively. If necessary, consult with a lactation consultant for help.
Keep your baby hydrated: Dehydration can worsen jaundice, so ensure your baby is feeding enough to stay hydrated.
When to See a Doctor?
While most cases of jaundice are mild and resolve on their own, you should consult a doctor if:
- Jaundice appears within the first 24 hours of birth.
- Your baby’s skin or eyes turn very yellow.
- Your baby is not feeding well or is lethargic.
- You notice any other unusual symptoms.
Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications related to high bilirubin levels, such as brain damage.
Conclusion
Jaundice is a common condition in newborns that can often be managed effectively with early detection and treatment. While the most common cause is the immaturity of the liver, other factors like blood type incompatibility and breastfeeding issues can also play a role. With proper care, jaundice can be treated, and most babies will recover completely.
As a parent, understanding the causes and treatment options for jaundice will help you navigate this common newborn condition with confidence. Always consult your pediatrician if you have concerns about your baby’s health or jaundice symptoms.
